What engineering breakthrough did Georges Claude perfect for neon light viability?

Answer

Perfecting the vacuum pumping process necessary to clean the glass tubes sufficiently

The underlying physics of using electrified noble gases for illumination were known prior to Georges Claude's major contribution. However, the transformation of this scientific curiosity into a viable, marketable product required a significant engineering refinement. Claude focused on perfecting the vacuum pumping process. This meticulous cleaning of the glass tubes was essential because impurities left inside would prevent the gas from glowing brightly or cause the light to degrade quickly. By ensuring a clean environment within the tubes, Claude guaranteed a bright and long-lasting glow, which made the neon lamp an actual commercial prospect rather than just a laboratory demonstration.

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