What was a common solution cyclists used for speed control before reliable multi-speed derailleurs matured?

Answer

Fixed-gear setups or complex, heavy two-speed hubs

Prior to the 1930s derailleur systems, cyclists often had to rely on fixed-gear setups or occasionally used two-speed hubs, which were noted for being complex and heavy.

What was a common solution cyclists used for speed control before reliable multi-speed derailleurs matured?
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