The effectiveness of using cupped hands for projection depended entirely on what two speaker-related variables?
Answer
The speaker's physical effort and the consistency of the hand shape.
The technique of hand shaping, while universally accessible, was highly dependent on the speaker's active input and control. To achieve any noticeable projection increase, the individual needed considerable practice and significant lung power to push the sound forward forcefully through the aperture created by their hands. Furthermore, the acoustic directing effect relied entirely on maintaining a consistent, unbroken hand shape. Any movement, such as gesturing, or the onset of fatigue, would easily break this shape, causing the sound waves to immediately scatter, thus negating the benefit derived from the technique.

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