What key application, patented in 1904 by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, provided mariners with a reliable heading independent of magnetic variations?
Answer
The gyrocompass
The gyrocompass represents a major navigational leap stemming from the earlier military applications of gyroscope technology. Patented in 1904 by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, the gyrocompass was specifically engineered to function as a navigational instrument by utilizing the gyroscope's ability to sense the Earth's axis of rotation. Unlike a magnetic compass, the gyrocompass aligns itself with true geographical North, making its heading reliable and unaffected by local terrestrial magnetic variations, which can fluctuate due to local geology or magnetic storms. American scientist Elmer Sperry followed shortly after with his own design later that same year, solidifying the gyrocompass as essential navigation equipment.
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