What framework, formalized by early 20th-century work, simplifies weight change in relation to energy input and output?

Answer

Weight Change $\propto$ (Calories In - Calories Out)

The enduring appeal of the calorie counting system rests upon its fundamental adherence to basic thermodynamics, which dictates that body mass changes are governed by energy balance. This concept is mathematically summarized in a simplified proportional relationship: Weight Change is proportional to the difference between Calories In (consumed energy) and Calories Out (energy expended through basal rate, activity, and TEF). Although this physical relationship is sound, the practical application within human biology is complicated because it assumes all calories are metabolically equal and ignores complex hormonal feedback mechanisms governing hunger, which the simple tallying mechanism fails to capture.

What framework, formalized by early 20th-century work, simplifies weight change in relation to energy input and output?

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